Prevalence of tuberculosis, multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Drug resistant tb is now an increasing problem in the worldwide control of tb and in the attempts to end tb. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is the tb bacilli revealing resistance to at least isoniazid andor rifampicin drugs. Contributing risk factors towards the prevalence of multidrug. Prevalence of drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis among. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of mdr tb and associated factors in ethiopia. Multidrugresistant tb mdr tb is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent tb drugs. The increase in the prevalence of mdr tb inferred an increase in the incidence of xdrtb through the continued implementation of poor case detection and inappropriate andor incomplete treatment regimens 53, 63. Cases of mdr tb were unevenly distributed, with 27 countries representing 85% of all cases. Epidemiology of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb. California, 20092018 number o f mdr tb cases percent mdr tb cases. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of mdrtb and associated factors in ethiopia. Highest death rates among mdr tb patients seen in african region 19% extensively drug resistant tb xdr tbmdr tb plus resistance to at least 1 fluoroquinolone and 1 secondline.
Epidemiology and challenges to the elimination of global. The country tb notification rate has been increasing for the last four years. Due to the devastating effect of hiv on susceptibility to tuberculosis, subsaharan africa has been disproportionately. Pdf prevalence of multidrug resistant mycobacterium. Prevalence of multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis and risk factors among youth attending mdr tb unit in mulago hospital article pdf available january 2018 with 453 reads how we. Prevalence of drugresistant pulmonary tuberculosis in india. Background the rapid spread of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb has attracted global concerns. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis xdrtb have emerged as severe global public health threats. Epidemiology of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb in.
The number of mdr tb cases is highest in india and china, but exact information about the prevalence of drug resistance is lacking because. This data is critical to focusing and developing costeffective treatment programs. Factsheet key facts tuberculosis tb is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single infectious agent, ranking above hivaids. Guidelines for clinical and operational management of drug. Prevalence refers to the number of cases of tb that are present in a particular population at a given time. Tb statistics latest global statistics for 2018 tbfacts. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb is a form of tuberculosis tb infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful firstline antitb medications drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. Ethiopia is one of the countries with high mdr tb burden. South africa tuberculosis profile population 2018 58 million estimates of tb burden. In addition, the pattern of disease is different in immunocompromised patients, who have a higher prevalence of extrapulmonary involvement. Prevalence and factors associated with multidrugrifampicin resistant. Oct 17, 2017 drugresistant pulmonary tuberculosis drtb is a significant public health issue that considerably deters the ongoing tb control efforts in india.
The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin and some other drugs is now largely understood table 1. California department of public health, tuberculosis control branch 34 41 36 28 32 25 36 16 tuberculosis cases with multidrug resistance mdr. Mdr tb 20% among previously treated tb cases 50% of all mdr cases are estimated to occur in india and china globally, outcome data for mdr tb is limited. Considering the basic premises that 1 the health of prisoners and inmates is an integral part of the health of the wider community. In most cases, tuberculosis is treatable and curable.
Among new cases, the prevalence of mdr tuberculosis was 21%, and similar to the global estimate 1 of 3. The national prevalence of mdr tuberculosis in 201214 remained relatively unchanged 28% compared with that reported in 200102 29%. The name tuberculosis has been used from the middle of the last century. While prevalence of mdrtb is known to be 23% among new tb patients and 1217% in. This study attempted to clarify the drug resistance profiles of clinical strains isolated from children and estimate risk factors related to acquisition of drug resistance.
However, standard tb treatment requires up to six months of drugs that can cause nausea, vomiting and. However, in this nationwide survey in 2011, multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb was found in 5. Prevalence is usually, but not always given as a percentage of the population. Number of mdr cases may increase as additional drug susceptibility test results are received for 2018. Who treatment guidelines for drug resistant tuberculosis. Background india has the worlds highest estimated burden of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb. The main aim of the report is to provide a comprehensive and uptodate assessment of the tb epidemic, and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels. The emergence of mdrtb remained a major public health threat particularly in developing countries. Innovation to accelerate global tuberculosis elimination position in the panacea drug trial consortium, longstanding collaborations in tb highincidence countries and access to drugresistant m.
Ethiopia tuberculosis profile world health organization. An estimated 417,000 people died from the disease in the african region 1. Ethiopia is one of the countries with high mdrtb burden. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the high prevalence of mdr tb in chinas heilongjiang province. Background the rapid spread of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb has attracted global concerns. Division of tuberculosis elimination tb elimination multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb what is tuberculosis tb. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis xdrtb have emerged as severe global public health threats. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of tb, mdrtb and associated risk factors among presumptive smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients in addis ababa, ethiopia. The available data on the epidemic of drug resistant tuberculosis tb among children in china is limited. Cases of mdrtb were unevenly distributed, with 27 countries representing 85% of all cases. Mdrtb, rifapentine for pregnant women and children with latent tb infection ltbi, highdose rifampicin and levofloxacin for paediatric tb meningitis, as well as bedaquiline and delamanid for children with mdrtb and hiv infection. Pdf background multi drug resistant tuberculosis mdrtb is an emerging challenge for tb control programs globally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis tb is as old as the human species.
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tb has become more complex because of resistance to commonly used antituberculous drugs. Prevalence of drugresistant tuberculosis and imputed burden. Due to the devastating effect of hiv on susceptibility to tuberculosis, subsaharan africa has been. The number of mdrtb cases is highest in india and china, but exact information about the prevalence of. Born persons, united states, 19932016 as of june 21, 2017. These drugs are used to treat all persons with tb disease. In 2018, sixteen regions including the islands of unguja na pemba have notification rate below the national average of 8 cases per 100,000 population. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributing risk factors to the prevalence of mdrtb. Prevalence of drugresistant tuberculosis in south africa. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis mdrtb poses one of the greatest threats to tb control worldwide. Percentage of estimated mdrtb cases enrolled on treatment in 2011. Mdr tb and associated factors in the same day diagnosis strategy are not clearly known in the study area. Drugresistant pulmonary tuberculosis drtb is a significant public health issue that. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb has continued to be a challenge for tuberculosis tb control globally.
The emergence of mdr tb remained a major public health threat particularly in developing countries. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality, among tuberculosis tb patients in malaysia. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with mdr tb among presumptive mdr tb cases in tigray regional state, ethiopia. Drug resistance surveillance data show that an estimated 240 000 people died from mdr rrtb in 2016. Pdf prevalence of multidrugresistant tuberculosis and. Background india has the worlds highest estimated burden of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb. Ranges represent uncertainty intervals mdr is tb resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid. There are alarming reports of increasing multidrugresistant tuberculosis mtrtb from various parts of the globe, including ethiopia.
Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb has continued to be a challenge for tuberculosis tb control globally. Prevention, treatment, and infection control june 2728, 2018 curry international tuberculosis center epidemiology 17 primary mdr. Epidemiology of primary multidrugresistant tuberculosis. In 2018, sixteen regions including the islands of unguja na pemba have notification rate below. The increase in the prevalence of mdrtb inferred an increase in the incidence of xdrtb through the continued implementation of poor case detection and inappropriate andor incomplete treatment regimens 53, 63. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality, among tuberculosis tb patients in malaysia. Mdr tb, rifapentine for pregnant women and children with latent tb infection ltbi, highdose rifampicin and levofloxacin for paediatric tb meningitis, as well as bedaquiline and delamanid for children with mdr tb and hiv infection. In particular, entire timeseries of tb disease burden estimates are updated every year. Tuberculosis, also called phthisis or consumption, and nicknamed. Which factors contribute to the high prevalence of multidrug. For the latest data and analysis, please see the most recent edition of the global tb report. Although russia is dauntingly expecting an upsurge in the numbers of cases of mdr tuberculosis and rifampicinresistant tuberculosis 27% in new and 63% in previously treated cases, it has not released data from its national antituberculosis survey yet. Pdf pdf icon 37k multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb what is tuberculosis tb.
Multiple factors contribute to the drug resistance of m tuberculosis, including incomplete and inadequate treatment or adherence to treatment, logistical issues, virulence of the organism. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb is tuberculosis due to organisms which show highlevel resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin, with or without resistance to other antitb drugs. Prevalence and factors associated with multidrugresistant. While prevalence of mdr tb is known to be 23% among new tb patients and 1217% in.
Resistance to tuberculosis tb drugs is a formidable obstacle to effective tb care and prevention globally. Management of contacts of mdr tb and xdr tb patients ecdc. Global tuberculosis report 2018 world health organization. Globally in 2018 there were an estimated 500,000 new cases of rifampicin rrtb resistant tb. Tb usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine.
Ethiopia tuberculosis profile population 2018 109 million estimates of tb burden. Predictors of multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb in. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributing risk factors to the prevalence of mdr tb. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with mdrtb among presumptive mdrtb cases in tigray regional state, ethiopia.
Mdr tuberculosis critical steps for prevention and control. Multi drug resistant tuberculosis mdrtb is an emerging challenge for tb control programs globally. Multidrugresistant mdr tuberculosis is defined as disease caused by strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis that are at least resistant to treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of tb, mdr tb and associated risk factors among presumptive smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients in addis ababa, ethiopia. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb world health organization. Pdf background multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdrtb has continued to be a challenge for tuberculosis tb control globally. We studied the epidemiology of drugresistant tuberculosis tb in vladimir region, russia, in 2012. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the high prevalence of mdrtb in chinas heilongjiang province. A global estimate of mdrtb prevalence was included in the 2011 and 2012 global tb reports, with a best estimate of 630 000 cases in 2011. Not only is the incidence of mdrtb rising in many areas, curtailing our ability to meet ambitious targets for tb control, but the treatment of mdrtb also threatens the economic solvency of national tb programs ntps, often accounting for more than 50% of annual ntp budgets.
Multidrugresistant tuberculosis mdr tb is a form of tuberculosis tb infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful firstline antitb medications drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. Factors contributing to the high prevalence of multidrug. In africa, although emergence of multidrugresistant mdr tuberculosis tb represents a serious threat in countries severely affected by the hiv epidemic, most countries lack drugresistant tb data. There should be a strong suspicion of drug resistance, including mdrtb, in persons with a history of prior treatment or in treatment failure cases.
Multidrugresistant tb mdrtb is multifactorial and fuelled by improper treatment of patients, poor management of supply and quality of drugs, and airborne transmission of bacteria in public places. Risk factors for mortality among mdr and xdrtb patients in. Specific aims this project aims to find the rate of latent tuberculosis among residents of the densely. Mdr tb and xdr tb cases, a comprehensive approach, as with drug susceptible tb, needs to be taken to ensure rapid detection, proper treatment and public. Tuberculosis tb is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rr is tb resistant to rifampicin calculated for pulmonary cases only includes cases with unknown previous tb treatment history includes patients diagnosed before 2018 and patients who were not laboratoryconfirmed. Fragments from the spinal column of egyptian mummies dating from 2400 bc show definite pathological signs of tubercular decay. Prevalence of multidrugresistant tuberculosis and associated. Global tuberculosis report 2019 who has published a global tb report every year since 1997.
Methods a crosssectional survey following the whointernational union against tuberculosis and lung disease guidelines was conducted with consecutive recruitment of patients. Tuberculosis results in an estimated 17 million deaths each year and the worldwide number of new cases more than 9 million is higher than at any other time in history. High prevalence of multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis tb is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from person to person through the air. In spite of increased testing, the number of mdr rrtb cases detected in 2016 only reached 153 000. Methods a crosssectional survey following the whointernational union against tuberculosis and lung disease guidelines was conducted with consecutive recruitment of. Mdrtb and associated factors in the same day diagnosis strategy are not clearly known in the study area. Mdrtb international journal of infectious diseases. Estimates of the burden of disease caused by mdr tb and. Prevalence includes newly diagnosed people, plus people who were diagnosed in the past, and people who havent even been diagnosed.
708 178 263 686 191 1409 592 650 688 157 418 910 1000 1057 772 1207 1478 1229 126 42 934 1569 819 55 248 1058 509 1401 160 867 116 194 152 22 878 812 110 1029 1312 1486 333 15 1269 1275 632 199